Oxandrolone Wikipedia
# Oxandrolone: An Overview
## Oxandrolone
Oxandrolone is a synthetic anabolic steroid that has been widely studied and used for its ability to mimic the effects of testosterone on muscle and bone growth. It was first developed in the 1960s by the pharmaceutical company Squibb (now Bristol-Myers Squibb) as a potential treatment for various medical conditions.
## Medical Uses
Oxandrolone is primarily prescribed for its therapeutic effects, particularly in treating muscle wasting associated with chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS, cancer, and COPD. It has also been used to aid in the recovery of individuals undergoing surgery or trauma, helping to restore muscle mass and function. Additionally, it is sometimes used to treat anemia in certain conditions due to its ability to stimulate red blood cell production.
## Non-Medical Uses
Despite its medical applications, oxandrolone has become a popular substance among bodybuilders and athletes due to its ability to promote muscle growth and strength. However, it is important to note that the use of oxandrolone for non-medical purposes is illegal in most countries without a valid prescription.
## Contraindications
The use of oxandrolone should be avoided by individuals with a history of severe allergic reactions or hypersensitivities to the drug. It should also be used with caution in patients who have a history of heart, liver, or kidney disease. Long-term use can lead to harmful side effects, and the drug's misuse can result in addiction or organ damage.
## Side Effects
Common side effects of oxandrolone include changes in cholesterol levels, acne, hair loss, and potential liver dysfunction. In rare cases, it may also cause more serious effects such as cardiovascular issues or psychiatric disturbances like mood swings or agitation.
## Interactions
Oxandrolone can interact with other medications, including blood thinners, NSAIDs, and certain hormones. Patients should always inform their healthcare provider of all medications they are taking to avoid potential drug interactions.
## Pharmacology
Oxandrolone is a synthetic derivative of testosterone that works by binding to androgen receptors in the body, mimicking the actions of natural testosterone. This leads to increased protein synthesis, muscle growth, and other anabolic effects.
## Pharmacodynamics
The pharmacodynamics of oxandrolone are similar to those of other anabolic steroids. It functions by inhibiting the breakdown of proteins in the body, allowing for the accumulation of muscle mass and strength. The drug's effects are dose-dependent, meaning higher doses will result in more significant muscle growth but may also increase the risk of side effects.
## Steroid Configuration
Oxandrolone is a chiral molecule, meaning it has a specific stereochemistry that determines its biological effects. It exists as a mixture of enantiomers, with one having a desired anabolic effect and the other potentially causing unwanted side effects.
## Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of oxandrolone are determined by factors such as absorption rate, metabolism, and excretion. The drug is typically administered orally and reaches peak plasma concentrations within 1-2 hours for intravenous use or 4-6 hours for oral use. Its metabolism primarily occurs in the liver, where it is converted into inactive metabolites.
## Chemistry
Oxandrolone has a molecular formula of C20H22O2 and belongs to a class of drugs known as anabolic steroids. It is structurally similar to endogenous testosterone but differs in its pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic effects.
## History
The discovery of oxandrolone was a significant achievement in the field of medicine, as it marked the beginning of a new era in the development of synthetic hormones. Its initial clinical trials demonstrated promising results for treating muscle wasting and anemia, leading to its eventual approval as a prescription medication.
## Society and Culture
Oxandrolone has become a subject of debate in society, particularly due to its misuse by athletes and bodybuilders. Despite its legitimate medical uses, the drug has been associated with doping practices and its availability on the black market has contributed to its abuse. In many countries, oxandrolone is classified as a controlled substance, making its possession and use without a valid prescription illegal.
## Generic Names
The generic name for oxandrolone is often used interchangeably with its brand name equivalents. Common trade names include Oxandrolone and others that may vary by manufacturer.
## Brand Names
In addition to the generic name, there are several brand name versions of oxandrolone available on the market. These include:
- **Oxandrolone** (various manufacturers)
## Availability
Oxandrolone is only available through a valid prescription from a licensed healthcare provider. In some countries, it may require special authorization or be restricted to certain patient populations due to its potential for misuse.
### United States
In the United States, oxandrolone is classified as a controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act. It is therefore subject to strict regulatory oversight and requires a valid prescription for legal use.
### Other Countries
The availability of oxandrolone may vary by country due to differing regulations and legal status. In some countries, it may be available over the counter, while in others, it requires a prescription. Always consult local regulations or healthcare providers for information on availability and usage guidelines.
## Legal Status
Oxandrolone is illegal to use without a valid medical prescription in most countries. Its misuse has led to legal consequences for individuals who have been found to be using the drug without proper authorization.
## References
1. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) - Anabolic Steroids
2. British Medical Journal - Use of Oxandrolone in Chronic Anaesthesia
3. European Medicines Agency - Overview of Oxandrolone
## External Links
For more detailed information on oxandrolone, please visit the following external links:
1. Wikipedia - Oxandrolone(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxandrolone)
2. MedlinePlus - Oxandrolone(https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/drug_record.php?recordid=11423)
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